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''Der Spiegel'' ((:deːɐ ˈʃpiːɡəl), lit. ''"The Mirror"'') is a German weekly news magazine published in Hamburg. It is one of Europe's largest publications of its kind, with a weekly circulation of 840,000. It was founded in 1947 by John Chaloner, a British army officer, and Rudolf Augstein, a former Wehrmacht radio operator who was recognized in 2000 by the International Press Institute as one of the fifty World Press Freedom Heroes.〔Laudatory submission for Hero of World Press Freedom Award: (Rudolf Augstein )〕 ''Spiegel Online'', the online sibling of ''Der Spiegel'', was launched in 1994 with an independent editorial staff. Typically, the magazine has a content to advertising ratio of 2:1. ''Der Spiegel'' is known in German-speaking countries mostly for its investigative journalism. It has played a key role in uncovering many political scandals such as the Spiegel scandal in 1962 and the Flick affair in the 1980s. According to ''The Economist'', ''Der Spiegel'' is one of continental Europe's most influential magazines. ==History== The first edition of ''Der Spiegel'' was published in Hanover on Saturday, 4 January 1947. Its release was initiated and sponsored by the British occupational administration and preceded by a magazine titled, ''Diese Woche'' (meaning ''This Week'' in English),〔 which had first been published in November 1946. After disagreements with the British, the magazine was handed over to Rudolf Augstein as chief editor, and was renamed ''Der Spiegel''. From the first edition in January 1947, Augstein held the position of editor-in-chief, which he retained until his death on 7 November 2002. After 1950, the magazine was owned by Rudolf Augstein and John Jahr; Jahr's share merged with Richard Gruner in 1965 to form the publishing company Gruner + Jahr. In 1969, Augstein bought out Gruner + Jahr for DM 42 million and became the sole owner of ''Der Spiegel''. In 1971, Gruner + Jahr bought back a 25% share in the magazine. In 1974, Augstein restructured the company to make the employees shareholders. All employees with more than three years seniority were offered the opportunity to become an associate and participate in the management of the company, as well as in the profits. Since 1952, ''Der Spiegel'' has been headquartered in its own building in the old town part of Hamburg. ''Der Spiegels circulation rose quickly. From 15,000 copies in 1947, it grew to 65,000 in 1948 and 437,000 in 1961. It was nearly 500,000 copies in 1962. By the 1970s, it had reached a plateau at about 900,000 copies. When the German re-unification in 1990 made it available to a new readership in former East Germany, the circulation exceeded one million. The magazine's influence is based on two pillars; firstly the moral authority established by investigative journalism since the early years and proven alive by several impressive scoops during the 1980s; secondly the economic power of the prolific ''Spiegel'' publishing house. Since 1988, it has produced the TV programme ''Spiegel TV'', and further diversified during the 1990s. During the second quarter of 1992 the circulation of ''Der Spiegel'' was 1.1 million copies. In 1994, ''Spiegel Online'' was launched. It has separate and independent editorial staff from ''Der Spiegel''. In 1999 the circulation of ''Der Spiegel'' was 1,061,000 copies. ''Der Spiegel'' had an average circulation of 1,076,000 copies in 2003. In 2007 the magazine started a new regional supplement in Switzerland. It was the first regional supplement of the magazine which covers 50-page review of Switzerland.〔 In 2010 ''Der Spiegel'' was employing the equivalent of 80 full-time fact checkers, which the ''Columbia Journalism Review'' called "most likely the world's largest fact checking operation". The same year it was the third best-selling general interest magazine in Europe with a circulation of 1,016,373 copies.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.revistas-ari.com/attachments/209_WMT_2010_2011_Europe.pdf )〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Der Spiegel」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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